The (Standard) International Phonetic Code
| A (Alpha) |
B (Bravo) |
C (Charlie) |
D (Delta) |
E (Echo) |
| F (Foxtrot) |
G (Golf) |
H (Hotel) |
I (India) |
J (Juliet) |
| K (Kilo) |
L (Lima) |
M (Mike) |
N (November) |
O (Oscar) |
| P (Papa) |
Q (Quebec) |
R (Romeo) |
S (Sierra) |
T (Tango) |
| U (Uniform) |
V (Victor) |
W (Whisky) |
X (X-ray) |
Y (Yankee) |
| Z (Zulu) |
|
|
|
|
Q signals
Q signals were developed for CW as shortcuts
for phrases to shorten tx time and effort.
Food for thought
by W7EL
Some Coax data
Calculate your station ERP
java script RF Power Calculator
ARRL 6meter Band Plan
Some
Rohn Tower information (25G / 45G) This info is in pdf format
Emergency
Power Supply for Amateur Radio Stations by N4FMN – Sep 2005
The zeppelin antenna
A wire antenna simple to build and tune.
A six meter squalo
An onmi antenna you to can build. Thanks JOHN - KG4OSA
Why
does my antenna not work as 'claimed' or by the stated specifications?
This information can be used to check and or calibrate
your HF rig frequency
History of Cubical Quad
TVI TRAP
Paschen's Law
VSWR TABLE
dB, DB db. Which is
correct? by W1RFI
dbm-volts-watts conversion
data
How about a Clamp On RF Amp meter
Some thoughts on signal quality
or why some stations are more pleasant to listen to than others.
Want to find True North? Plumb a stake about 3 feet long in the open,
at noon (Sun Transit) the shadow will point to True North.
Transit: The transit time of a celestial body refers to the
instant that its center crosses an imaginary line in the sky - the observer's
meridian - running from
north to south. The transit of the Sun is local solar (sundial) noon.
Use the link below to find noon at your location.
Complete
Sun and Moon Data for One Day (off site link)
The Grayline (Twilight)
Twilight:
The transition period from day to night (or night to day) when the
sky is not completely dark, but the Sun has not yet set (or risen).
It is technically defined as the period of time beginning (or
ending) when the center of the (refracted) Sun is lower than a given elevation.
Astronomical twilight:
The period of twilight beginning (or ending) when the center
of the (refracted) Sun is more than 18° below of horizon.
Nautical twilight:
The period of twilight beginning (or ending) when the center
of the (refracted) Sun is more than 12° below the horizon.
Civil twilight:
The period of twilight beginning (or ending) when the center
of the (refracted) Sun is more than 6° below the horizon.
Free space wave length
300 / f = meters
( If you want to get picky its 299 792 458 / f )
983.568 / f = Feet
11802.817 / f = Inches
where f = frequency in MHz
Multiply by VF in coax data sheet above for physical wave length
of coax.
NOTE: This is the length of the shield when
measuring your coax.
NOTE:
OK so you say all I have seen for antennas is ( 984 / f = feet
) and ( 11808 / f - inches) ( This is for bare copper wire and
does not consider any insulation if present. Use this for wire antennas made from bare copper wire.)
Well its better to be
long rather than short on the length so this will keep you safe. You
may
need to trim the length to be correct. This is not a problem below 30
MHz however when we get above 100 MHz this becomes a noticeable error
if using insulated wire for the antenna.
The free space length is used for feed line calculations.
Did you know?
The delay of an electromagnetic (radio) wave over a transmission path
(in the atmosphere) is at least 3.3 microseconds per kilometer.
A microsecond = 0.000 001 seconds.
For frequency transfer, only the variability of the delay (the path
stability) is important.
(source NIST)
The Standard EIA Resistor Color Code Click
Here
ELI the ICEman
E phase for L circuits is ahead of I phase.
I phase for C circuits is ahead of E phase.
E and I are in phase for R circuits.
Where:
E= volts
L= inductance
I= current
C= capacitance
R= resistance
Metric Symbol Table
Multiplication Factor
|
Prefix
|
Symbol
|
| 1000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 1024 |
|
yotta |
Y |
| 1000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 1021 |
|
zetta |
Z
|
| 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 = 1018 |
|
exa |
E
|
| 1,000,000,000,000,000 = 1015 |
|
peta |
P |
| 1,000,000,000,000 = 1012 |
|
tera |
T |
| 1,000,000,000 = 109 |
|
giga |
G |
| 1,000,000 = 106 |
|
mega |
M |
| 1,000 = 103 |
|
kilo |
k |
| 100 = 102 |
|
hecto |
h |
| 10 = 10 |
|
deka |
da |
| 0.1 = 10-1 |
|
deci |
d |
| 0.01 = 10-2 |
|
centi |
c |
| 0.001 = 10-3 |
|
milli |
m |
| 0.000 001 = 10-6 |
|
micro |
m |
| 0.000,000,001 = 10-9 |
|
nano |
n |
| 0.000,000,000,001 = 10-12 |
|
pico |
p |
| 0.000,000,000,000,001 = 10-15 |
|
femto |
f |
| 0.000,000,000,000,000,001 = 10-18 |
|
atto |
a |
| 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10-21 |
|
zepto |
z
|
| 0.000 000 000000 000 000 000 001 = 10-24 |
|
yocto |
y
|
Example: 1500 Hz = 1.5kHz
= 1.5 kilohertz = 1.5 × 103 Hz
Example: 0.007 A = 7 mA = 7 milliamps = 7 × 10-3 Amps |
AWG = American Wire Gauge size
Dia-mils = Diameter in mils (1 mil = .001 inch)
TPI = Turns Per Inch (Ignoring thickness of unknown insulation)
Dia-mm = Diameter in millimeters (For comparison with non-USA coilers)
Circ-mils = Circular Mils. (circular mils = diameter in mils squared)
Ohms/Kft = Ohms Per 1,000 Feet
Ft/Ohm = Feet Per Ohm
Ft/Lb = Feet Per Pound
Ohms/Lb = Ohms Per Pound
Lb/Kft = Pounds Per 1,000 Feet
NormAmps = Normal Average Amp Capacity based on 500 circular mils per
Amp
MaxAmps = Maximum recommended Average Amp Capacity in Open Air based
on 438.489 circular mils per Amp
Actual Amp capacity of a wire depends on form factor and method of cooling!
MaxAmps assumes free flow of air around wire. Do NOT exceed this maximum
without cooling!
Wire wrapped in a coil or without any form of cooling may over-heat
at MaxAmps!
Many factors govern the ACTUAL Max Amps you can pass through a wire
continuously. Be careful!
AWG Dia-mils TPI
Dia-mm Circ-mils Ohms/Kft
Ft/Ohm Ft/Lb Ohms/Lb
Lb/Kft NormAmps MaxAmps
0000 459.99 2.1740
11.684 211592
0.0490 20402 1.5613
0.0001 640.48 423.18
482.55
000 409.63
2.4412 10.405 167800
0.0618 16180 1.9688
0.0001 507.93 335.60
382.68
00 364.79
2.7413 9.2657 133072
0.0779 12831 2.4826
0.0002 402.80 266.14
303.48
AWG Dia-mils TPI
Dia-mm Circ-mils Ohms/Kft Ft/Ohm
Ft/Lb Ohms/Lb Lb/Kft NormAmps
MaxAmps
0 324.85
3.0783 8.2513 105531
0.0983 10175 3.1305
0.0003 319.44 211.06
240.67
1 289.29
3.4567 7.3480 83690
0.1239 8069.5 3.9475
0.0005 253.33 167.38
190.86
2 257.62
3.8817 6.5436 66369
0.1563 6399.4 4.9777
0.0008 200.90 132.74
151.36
3 229.42
4.3588 5.8272 52633
0.1970 5075.0 6.2767
0.0012 159.32 105.27
120.03
4 204.30
4.8947 5.1893 41740
0.2485 4024.7 7.9148
0.0020 126.35 83.480
95.190
5 181.94
5.4964 4.6212 33101
0.3133 3191.7 9.9804
0.0031 100.20 66.203
75.489
6 162.02
6.1721 4.1153 26251
0.3951 2531.1 12.585
0.0050 79.460 52.501
59.866
7 144.28
6.9308 3.6648 20818
0.4982 2007.3 15.869
0.0079 63.014 41.635
47.476
8 128.49
7.7828 3.2636 16509
0.6282 1591.8 20.011
0.0126 49.973 33.018
37.650
9 114.42
8.7396 2.9063 13092
0.7921 1262.4 25.233
0.0200 39.630 26.185
29.858
AWG Dia-mils TPI
Dia-mm Circ-mils Ohms/Kft
Ft/Ohm Ft/Lb Ohms/Lb Lb/Kft
NormAmps MaxAmps
10 101.90
9.8140 2.5881 10383
0.9989 1001.1 31.819
0.0318 31.428 20.765
23.678
11 90.741
11.020 2.3048 8233.9
1.2596 793.93 40.122
0.0505 24.924 16.468
18.778
12 80.807
12.375 2.0525 6529.8
1.5883 629.61 50.593
0.0804 19.765 13.060
14.892
13 71.961
13.896 1.8278 5178.3
2.0028 499.31 63.797
0.1278 15.675 10.357
11.810
14 64.083
15.605 1.6277 4106.6
2.5255 395.97 80.447
0.2031 12.431 8.2132
9.3654
15 57.067
17.523 1.4495 3256.7
3.1845 314.02 101.44
0.3230 9.8579 6.5134
7.4271
16 50.820
19.677 1.2908 2582.7
4.0156 249.03 127.91
0.5136 7.8177 5.1654
5.8900
17 45.257
22.096 1.1495 2048.2
5.0636 197.49 161.30
0.8167 6.1997 4.0963
4.6709
18 40.302
24.813 1.0237 1624.3
6.3851 156.62 203.39
1.2986 4.9166 3.2485
3.7042
19 35.890
27.863 0.9116 1288.1
8.0514 124.20 256.47
2.0648 3.8991 2.5762
2.9376
AWG Dia-mils TPI
Dia-mm Circ-mils Ohms/Kft Ft/Ohm
Ft/Lb Ohms/Lb Lb/Kft NormAmps
MaxAmps
20 31.961
31.288 0.8118 1021.5 10.153
98.496 323.41 3.2832
3.0921 2.0430
2.3296
21 28.462
35.134 0.7229 810.10 12.802
78.111 407.81 5.2205
2.4521 1.6202
1.8475
22 25.346
39.453 0.6438 642.44 16.143
61.945 514.23 8.3009
1.9446 1.2849 1.4651
23 22.572
44.304 0.5733 509.48 20.356
49.125 648.44 13.199
1.5422 1.0190
1.1619
24 20.101
49.750 0.5106 404.03 25.669
38.958 817.66 20.987
1.2230 0.8081
0.9214
25 17.900
55.866 0.4547 320.41 32.368
30.895 1031.1 33.371
0.9699 0.6408
0.7307
26 15.940
62.733 0.4049 254.10 40.815
24.501 1300.1 53.061
0.7692 0.5082
0.5795
27 14.195
70.445 0.3606 201.51 51.467
19.430 1639.4 84.371
0.6100 0.4030
0.4596
28 12.641
79.105 0.3211 159.80 64.898
15.409 2067.3 134.15
0.4837 0.3196
0.3644
29 11.257
88.830 0.2859 126.73 81.835
12.220 2606.8 213.31
0.3836 0.2535
0.2890
AWG Dia-mils TPI
Dia-mm Circ-mils Ohms/Kft
Ft/Ohm Ft/Lb Ohms/Lb
Lb/Kft NormAmps MaxAmps
30 10.025
99.750 0.2546 100.50
103.19 9.6906 3287.1
339.18 0.3042
0.2010 0.2292
31 8.9276
112.01 0.2268 79.702
130.12 7.6850 4145.0
539.32 0.2413
0.1594 0.1818
32 7.9503
125.78 0.2019 63.207
164.08 6.0945 5226.7
857.55 0.1913
0.1264 0.1441
33 7.0799
141.24 0.1798 50.125
206.90 4.8332 6590.8
1363.6 0.1517
0.1003 0.1143
34 6.3048
158.61 0.1601 39.751
260.90 3.8329 8310.8
2168.1 0.1203
0.0795 0.0907
35 5.6146
178.11 0.1426 31.524
328.99 3.0396
10480 3447.5 0.0954
0.0630 0.0719
36 5.0000
200.00 0.1270 25.000
414.85 2.4105
13215 5481.7 0.0757
0.0500 0.0570
37 4.4526
224.59 0.1131 19.826
523.11 1.9116
16663 8716.2 0.0600
0.0397 0.0452
38 3.9652
252.20 0.1007 15.723
659.63 1.5160
21012 13859
0.0476 0.0314
0.0359
39 3.5311
283.20 0.0897 12.469
831.78 1.2022
26496 22037
0.0377 0.0249
0.0284
AWG Dia-mils TPI
Dia-mm Circ-mils Ohms/Kft Ft/Ohm
Ft/Lb Ohms/Lb Lb/Kft
NormAmps MaxAmps
40 3.1445
318.01 0.0799 9.8880
1048.9 0.9534
33410 35040 0.0299
0.0198 0.0226
Compiled by Fr. Tom McGahee tom_mcgahee@sigmais.com